What is the root cause of ADHD?

Medical studies have shown that there are important developmental, structural and functional differences between the brains of people with and without ADHD. The development of the brain cortex (the surface area of the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, thought and language) develops differently in children with ADHD. These areas are important for memory and for controlling behaviour.

In children with ADHD, the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia in the brain, along with certain other areas, are different from those without ADHD. Two chemical messengers or neurotransmitters – noradrenaline and dopamine – normally connect the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Lower levels of these messengers result in poor connections between these areas leading to the altered brain functioning found in people with ADHD.

So, your child isn’t ‘naughty’ or badly behaved: their brain differences mean that they genuinely struggle with certain tasks.

• The prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning, starting and carrying out actions, as well as correcting errors, avoiding distractions and being flexible when needed
• The basal ganglia is responsible for impulse control. It coordinates information coming from other regions of the brain to avoid automatic responses to stimuli, such as loud noises